Crossing the Alps - without food and warm clothing - became participants of a campaign nightmare. These mountains are terrified even adults. Wade on the icy slopes on the eternal snows, the stone ledges - not everyone would get on a strength and courage. Through the Alps included over when necessary merchants with the goods, military groups, clergy - to Rome and back.
Conductors are not saved from death unwary children. The stones were cut bare feet are freezing. The snow was not even berries and fruits to satisfy his hunger. Knapsacks were already completely empty. Go through the Alps because of poor discipline, fatigue and weakened children was delayed twice as much as usual! Frostbitten feet slipped and did not obey, the children are broken in the precipice. Over the ridge to get up new ridge. They slept on the rocks. If you find branches for a fire-warmed themselves. Probably fighting over heat. At night, stray into piles, to warm each other. In the morning rose is not all. The dead were thrown on the frozen ground - do not have the strength to even roll a stone them with stones or branches. At the highest point of the pass was a monastery of monks, missionaries. There's a little heated with children and greetings. But where was to take food and heat in a mob!
descent was an incredible joy. Green! Silver rivers! Populous villages vineyards, citrus fruits, the height of summer luxury! After the Alps were still alive, only one third party campaign. But the rest, vospryanuv spirit, thought that all the troubles behind us. In this Izobilny edge of them, of course, Kissed and fattening.
But there it was. Italy met their undisguised hatred.
It appeared those whose fathers plagued by raids of these abundant lands, desecrated shrines and looted the town. Recall of power "Three Kings East, which took away from Milan Friedrich Barbarossa. Therefore, in the Italian city "German zmeenyshey" is not allowed. Alms served only the most compassionate, and that secret from the neighbors. As soon as three or four thousands of children came to Genoa, stealing food along the way and robbing fruit trees.
On Saturday, August 25, 1212 (the only date in the chronicle of the campaign, which everyone agrees record) exhausted teenagers stood on the bank of Genoa harbor. Two terrible months and a thousand miles behind, buried so many friends, and here - the sea, and to the Holy Land at hand.
How are they going to cross the Mediterranean Sea? Where going to get money for the ships? The answer is simple. No ships any money they do not need. Sea - with the help of God - must parted before them. On the first day of campaigning for a campaign about any ships and money out of the question.
Before children had a fabulous city - rich in Genoa. Vospryanuv spirit, they again raised high the remaining flags and crosses. Nicholas, who lost in the Alps cart and was now all together on foot, stepped forward and made a fiery speech. The guys with the same enthusiasm greeted their leader. Suppose they were bare and in rags, in the wounds and sores, but they reached the sea - the most stubborn, the most powerful spirit. The purpose of the campaign - the holy land - damned close.
Fathers free city Children received a delegation led by several priests (in other moments of the campaign role of adult mentors chroniclers silenced, probably due to unwillingness to compromise the clerics who supported this ridiculous venture). Children did not ask for the ships, they sought only permission to sleep on the streets and squares of Genoa. The city fathers, rejoicing that they did not ask for any money or ships, allowed children to stay for a week in town, and then advised them to return in good time in Germany.
Participants hike the picturesque columns entered the city, the first time in many weeks again reveling in the public interest and attention. The townspeople met them with undisguised curiosity, but at the same time wary, hostile.
However doge [Doge - the head of the Republic of Genoa.] And Senators change your mind: no week, let tomorrow also removed from the city back home! The mob was strongly against the presence in Genoa young Germans. True, the Pope blessed the trip, but suddenly these kids perform an insidious plan the German emperor. On the other hand, the Genoese did not want to let go a number of gratis labor, and children were invited to stay in Genoa for good and become good citizens of a free city.
However, the trip participants shrugged off of it seemed to them absurd proposition. Tomorrow - a journey across the sea!
morning column by Nicholas in all its glory lined up at the edge of the surf. Townspeople crowded on the waterfront. After the liturgy, singing psalms, troops moved towards the waves. The first series went into the water on my knees ... the waist ... And frozen in flustered: the sea is not willing to move aside. The Lord does not keep his promise. New prayers and hymns to no avail. Time passed. The sun rose and was hot ... Genoese peresmeivayas, going home. And children are never took his eyes from the sea and sang and sang - until they were hoarse ...
term permission to stay in the city due to expire. We had to leave. Several hundreds have lost hope of success hike teenagers jumped at the offer of the city authorities to stay in Genoa. Young men from noble families were the best home as children, others - was dismantled in the service.
But the most stubborn gathered in a field not far from the city. And they began to deliberate. Who knows where the Lord put open to them bottom of the sea - perhaps not in Genoa. We must go further, look for the place. And it is better to die in sunny Italy, before returning whipped dog at home! A terrible Infamy - The Alps ...
a depleted squads hapless young Crusaders moved further to the southeast. On the discipline was no longer the question, were the groups, rather, gangs, strength and cunning to provide food. Nicholas more chroniclers did not mention - perhaps settled in Genoa.
Horde teen finally reached Pisa. The fact that they were expelled from Genoa, was an excellent recommendation for them at Pisa, a city competing with Genoa. Sea and there is not parted, but the inhabitants of Pisa in the peak Genoese equipped two ships and sent them some of the children in Palestine. In the chronicles of a deaf mention of the fact that they were safely reached Bank of the Holy Land. But if this happens, they will probably soon peremerli from want and hunger - The local Christians are themselves barely making ends meet. About any meetings of child crusaders with Muslim chronicles do not mention.
fall of several hundred German teens get to Rome, poverty and abandonment which, after the luxury of Genoa, Pisa and Florence struck them. Pope Innocent III met with representatives of small crusader, praised, and then chided them and told to go home, forgot that their home - a thousand miles behind damned Alps. Then, on the orders of the head of the Catholic Church Children kissed the cross that, "having come to the perfect age," will certainly finish the aborted crusade. Now somehow my father had a few hundred crusaders for the future.
Few trip participants have decided to return to Germany, most of them settled in Italy. Prior to the motherland have reached unity - through many months, even years. In their ignorance they do not even know how to really tell where visited. Children's crusade turned into a kind of migration of children - scattering them in other areas of Germany, Burgundy and Italy.
second German convoy, not less numerous than the column of Nicholas, suffered a similar tragic fate. Those thousands of deaths on the roads - from hunger, fast flowing, wild animals, a rough passage through the Alps - the truth through a different but no less destructive Pass. Repeat everything. Only uncleared corpses left behind even more: a general guide in this column is almost not there, hike a week later turned in uncontrolled migrations of hordes of hungry teens to bestiality. Monks and priests with great difficulty collecting child in the group and somehow restrained, but this - up first fight for charity.
In Italy, children ugorazdilo shove in Milan, which for fifty years, barely recovered from the raiding Barbarossa. From there, they could hardly have claimed feet: Milanese baited their dogs, like rabbits.
Sea is not parted in front of young crusaders nor in Ravenna, or in other places. Only a few thousand dobreli children up to the south of Italy. They had already heard about the decision to stop hiking and Dad conceived to deceive the Pope and sail to Palestine from the port of Brindisi. A lot just by inertia trudged forward, no matter what no hope. In the extreme south of Italy in that year was a terrible drought - crops died, the famine was such that, according to chroniclers, "the mother devoured its children." It is difficult to imagine what could eat German kids in this puhnuvshem hunger hostile to them the edge.
Those who miraculously survived and reached Brindisi, waiting for the new misadventures. Citizens identified the girls involved in the campaign in the sailors' hangouts. Twenty years later chroniclers will wonder: why in Italy, so many fair-haired blue-eyed prostitutes? Boys grabbed and converted to polurabov; remaining in living offspring of noble families of unlucky, of course, more - of their adoptive parents.
Archbishop of Brindisi tried to stop the Sabbath. He gathered the remnants of small Passion and ... wished them a pleasant return to Germany. Most fanatical "merciful" Bishop sat for a few sudenyshek and blessed by unarmed conquest of Palestine. A vessel filled with the bishop sank almost in sight of Brindisi.
Chapter 3. The Cross of the French children.
more than thirty thousands of French children came when the German children are freezing in the mountains. Solemnity and tears when the wires were not lower than in Cologne.
In the first days of the campaign heat of religious fanaticism among adolescents was such that they did not notice any difficulty path. St. Stephen was riding in the best wagon, carpeted and covered with expensive carpets. Near the cart pranced juvenile vysokorodnye aides leader. They gladly rushed along the marching column, passing orders and the orders of his idol.
Stefan nicely captures the mood of the mass of participants of the tour and having to go to him at a petrol halts speech. And then around his cart was going so overcrowded that in the crush of one or two kids will certainly injure or trampled to death. In such cases, hastily erecting a litter or digging a grave, to pray hurriedly and hastened on, remembering the victims to the first crossroads. But for a long time and a lively discussion fortunate to get hold of a scrap of clothes St. Stephen or splinter from his wagon. This exaltation seized even those kids who run away from home and joined the crusader "host" is not for religious reasons. At Stephen's head was spinning from the consciousness of his power over their peers, of ceaseless praise and boundless adoration.
hard to say whether he was a good organizer - most likely the movement led by groups chaperones priests, even though books of this silent. It is impossible to believe that noisy teens could cope without the help of adults with thirty thousandth "army" to break camp in convenient places, arrange lodging, to give orders in the morning put on the direction of motion.
yet Young Crusaders marched through the territory of his country, people everywhere took their hospitality. Children if they died in the campaign, almost exclusively from the sun strikes. And yet gradually accumulated fatigue, discipline weakened. To maintain the enthusiasm of the campaign, every day had to lie, that by the evening troops arrive to your destination. Seeing away some strength, children excitedly asking each other: "O Jerusalem?" Bedolagi forgot and many and just did not know that to achieve the "holy land" can only be sailed over the sea.
Gone Tour, Lyon and Marseille came in almost at full strength. During the month guys have been five hundred kilometers. Ease route allowed them to get ahead of German children and the first to reach the Mediterranean coast, which, alas, not parted before them.
disappointed and even offended by the Lord God, the children were scattered around the city. The night. The next morning back prayed on the beach. By evening, in the detachments missed several hundred children - they have moved home.
days passed. Marseilles somehow endured had fallen on their heads a mob of children. Prayers to the sea came out less "krestonosikov. The leaders of the campaign with longing glances at the ships in the harbor - would have money, they would not have disdained now and in the usual way crossing the sea.
Marseilles began to grumble. The atmosphere is tense. Suddenly, the old expression, the Lord looked at them. One day the sea parted. Of course, not literally.
sad situation of young crusader touched by two eminent merchants of the city - Hugo Ferreusa and William Porkusa. And they're out of pure philanthropy to provide children with the necessary number of ships and provisions.
- Miracle, I promise you - Broadcasting from the platform on Town Square St. Stephen's - it happened! We are simply not understood the signs of God. Had not parted the sea, and the human heart! Lord willing revealed to us in the act of two venerable Marseilles, etc.
Once again the guys were crowded around his idol, again strove to snatch a shred of his shirt again someone crushed to death ...
But it turned out to children quite a few who tried to quickly get out of the crowd to escape under cover of the blessed Marseille. Medieval boys were fairly heard about the unreliability of those times ships on the sea storms on the reefs and the robbers.
By the next morning participants of the tour is much diminished. But it was the best, remaining reasonably accommodated on the ships, weeding out the faint-hearted. Ships was seven. According to chronicles, the largest ship at that time could accommodate up to seven hundred knights. Thus, we reasonably can assume that Children were placed on each ship, no less. Hence, the ships were about five thousand children. With them were at least four priests and monks.
Conduct children ashore poured almost the entire population of Marseilles. After a solemn prayer service vessels under sail rastsvechennye flags, chants and a rave cries the citizens sailed majestically out of the harbor, and now they have disappeared over the horizon. Forever.
Eighteen years on the fate of these ships and sailed them children anything was not known.
Chapter 4. The tragic finale. What is left in memory of Europeans on the Children's Crusade.
's been eighteen years since the departure of young Crusaders from Marseille. All deadlines for the return of Junior hike yesterday.
Otshumeli, after the death of Innocent III, two more crusades, were able to capture Jerusalem from the Muslims by going into an alliance with the Egyptian sultan ... In short, life was rough, though somewhat monotonous. On the missing children and forget to think. Throw cry, to lift Europe on a quest to find five thousand children, who may still be alive - is in the head and nobody came. So wasteful Humanism was not customary at that time.
his mother had already otplakali. Children born by the thousand. And children dying a lot. In short, everyday cares enough. Although Of course, it's hard to imagine that the hearts of mothers who held children in the campaign, not smart from the bitterness of a senseless loss.
In 1230 in Europe, suddenly announced monk who once sailed from Marseilles, along with children. From his stories, quickly orbit the entire continent, parents learned about the tragic fate of their missing missing children. What happened next.
Kids, crowded into the holds, suffered terribly from lack of air, sea sickness and fear. They were afraid of sirens [Sirens - in Greek Mythology - poluptitsy-poluzhenschiny, supposedly lived on an island off the coast of southern Italy. Magnificent singing, they lure sailors to their island, lulled them, and then devoured] leviathans [Leviathan - a Biblical mythology - an enormous sea monster], and, of course, storms. That storm struck the accident, when they passed through Corsica and Sardinia skirted. Ships suffered the island of St. Peter at the south-western tip of Sardinia. At dusk, the children screamed in horror when ship tossed from wave to wave. Were on the deck of dozens washed overboard. Five Native crafts - with tattered sails and broken masts - During the rushed by reefs. And two flew straight to the coastal cliffs. Cries and vociferous chorus of worshipers children became more heartrending - and suddenly all was quiet at once. Ships blown into splinters. Devoured their prey, a storm quickly calmed down.
Five other ships somehow reached the African coast. True, I drove them in the Algerian port ... But it turned out that it was here they had to sail. They are obviously waiting for. Court of Muslims met them and convoyed to the port. Model Christians are compassionate and Ferreus Porkus therefore sacrificed seven ships that set out to sell five thousand children into slavery wrong. It was a peculiar feat in the name of profit! Marseilles would rend rogues, they knew the fate of the children! But how true calculated merchants, whose god was specie, monstrous disunity of the Christian and Muslim worlds contributed to the success of their criminal plan and ensure their personal safety.
What is slavery y wrong, children are aware of the horror stories that are spread around Europe, the Pilgrims. Therefore it is impossible to describe their horror when they realized what had happened.
Part children bought up in the Algerian market, and they became slaves, concubines or nalozhnikami wealthy Muslims. Rest of the guys were loaded onto ships and taken to markets of Alexandria. Four hundred monks and priests, which together with the children they brought into Egypt, incredibly lucky: they bought the aged Sultan Malek Kamel, better known as Safadin. This enlightened ruler has divided his possessions among his sons and had the leisure to study researchers. Christians, he settled in Cairo Palace and threw for translations from Latin into Arabic. Education from scholars slaves share their wisdom with the Sultan of European and gave lessons to the court. How life nourishing and freely, but it was impossible to go outside of Cairo. Until they were mastered in the palace, and praised God, the children worked the fields and Murley like flies.
Several hundred young slaves were sent to Baghdad. And to get to Baghdad, it was only possible through Palestine ... Yes, children stepped into the same on "holy ground." But in chains or ropes around his neck. They saw the majestic walls of Jerusalem. They passed through Nazareth, their bare feet burned in the sands of Galilee ... In Baghdad, a young slaves sold. One of the narratives tells us that the Baghdad caliph heads to convert them to Islam. And though the event described by the then stenciled: their de tortured beaten, tortured, but no one has betrayed his native faith - the story could be true. The boys, who for the sake of high-end went through so much suffering, it could show the indomitable will to die martyrs for their faith. There was, according to chronicles, eighteen. The Caliph left his venture, and sweetening the surviving Christian fanatics slowly pine away in the fields.
in Muslim lands juvenile Crusaders died from disease, from the beatings or were mastered, learned the language, gradually forgetting his homeland and family. All of them died in slavery - from captivity neither returned.
to the monks, for any merit released from Cairo, flocked from all over Europe Mother of missing children during the campaign. But how many joys have been named from the fact that the monk had seen their son in Cairo, the son or daughter is still alive? The monk said that in Cairo languish in captivity about seven hundred members of Child crusade. Of course, no one in Europe, a finger does not hit to redeem from slavery old idols of ignorant crowds.
What happened to the young leaders of the Crusaders? About Stephen heard only before the arrival of his columns in Marseille. Whether he got captured Muslims, or in advance of deserts, or death in the depths of the sea - is unknown. Nicholas disappeared from sight in Genoa, but has not returned to Germany - his countrymen wanted to tear the boy to learn how many children he killed in foreign lands, but were content with his father, who had a hand in the creation of "sacred lad. "The third, unnamed, the leader of child crusaders faded into obscurity.
Pope Gregory IX (1227 - 1241), learning about the deaths of two ships with their children off Sardinia, he commanded them to erect a monument on the island of St. Peter.
I must say that fishermen immediately after the wreck was buried on a deserted island hundreds of children's corpses. But since this was the disunity of the then Europe, that the news about it did not come to any French or German to mother. Twenty years later, children reburied in the same place on their communal grave erected the church of New virgin babies. Next to the church for regular religious services were placed twelve monks. The church became a place of pilgrimage - the pilgrims were from the offerings, the monks prospered. This lasted three centuries. Then the church zahirela, and the monks left the island. In 1737, it settled down fugitives from Muslim captivity (here it is, the irony of history). Their colony prospered, doing fishing fishing and coral mining. The city was built, in which lived ten thousand people. But the church of New virgin Infants been destroyed long ago, even its ruins eventually lost, and a new population of the island to know not aware of the tragedy of these shores and a half centuries ago.
Yes, and on the continent of child crusade will entirely forgotten. Children's religious mass psychosis is even twice: in 1237, crowds of children gathered surreptitiously from Erfurt from parents and with songs left in Armshtadt, where occurred the canonization of St. Elizabeth, landgrafini Turin, and in 1458 committed mass pilgrimage children against the wishes of parents on the route Swabia - Church of St. Michael in Normandy. However, these recurrences of child religious fanaticism not be of interest Historians ...
As for contemporary children's crusade, then, as we have said, chroniclers limited to only a very cursory description of it, and the common people, forgetting their enthusiasm and delight of small venture madmen, completely agree with the two-line Latin epigram - Literature honored hundred thousand slaughtered children only six words:
ashore stupid
Leads rebyatsky mind.
terrible when a criminal childish adult pay children. Thus ended one of the worst tragedies in the history of Europe.
Conclusion.
Only a few idealists were stored in the XIII century, with cross bygone spirit. K So is St. Louis. Plunging into the horror most of the members of his family since the mother Blanca of Castile, and his advisers, he was able to captivate an army Crusaders, most of whom followed him out of love for him rather than to Christ, the first time in 1248g. in Egypt, where he was captured by the infidels, and the second Once 1270g. in Tunisia, where he died.
Until the end of the XV century and even later talking about the crusade renewed frequently. But the campaign no one went.
What are the consequences of the Crusades, as they assess?
Jacques Le Goff argues that the short-lived institution of the crusaders in Palestine were the first experience of European colonialism, and as a precedent for the historian, he mnogoznachitelen.
least mnogoznachitelen and other experience of the Crusades:
Medieval man was convinced that the goal of his earthly life - preparing to move into the kingdom of heaven, in a world without sorrow and suffering. And the more pain he will make in this life, the greater the bliss awaits him beyond the grave. The Crusades were a peculiar form of pilgrimage. For the pilgrimage was a form of penance, testing, means of purification, preparation for Judgement Day. It was like a prelude to the earth's death and the attainment of other life. But it really innocent children have to endure those suffering that fell to their share in the pious march to the Tomb of the Lord? After this trip, like all crusades, the conviction of their contemporaries, were undertaken according to the will of God. Another punishment of the Lord for the sins of men? But why the answer is sinless children? Perhaps, for the Lord punished the people by depriving them the future of the earth, that too often people neglect the earthly life given them by God? Perhaps, for the LORD gave the people the earthly life and in order received Christ crucifixion torment for people to dignity and joy could pass their earthly journey. How should a man - the crown of creation to understand God's will? What it? How to know - if not the memory of the tragedy of losing so many children drew the best minds of Europe to the earthly life of those whom God has created in the image and likeness? Does not the memory of the pain of loss of tens of thousands of children in Europe has accelerated the arrival of Humanism and the Renaissance?
In my view, the Crusades were the most important consequence. The most accurate of him spoke UM Watt: "The most important consequence of the Crusades, including a hike of children, was the fact that it is in their Western Europe regained its spirit. And this positive result has far exceeded the value of political and military defeat of the Europeans. "
Despite the defeat, Europe continued to progress.
undeniable impact on the minds of listeners - and the public consciousness as a whole - many stories Crusaders, pilgrims returning from the tough campaigns, in which the West has banished the whole army, one after another for two centuries, much has seen a and survivors who are in fact already by other people, new ideas and requirements for life.
In the minds of Europeans born new ideas about relationships with God, about man's place in God's world.
During the era of the Crusades came the Renaissance.
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